With the translation of Kevin Lynch’s book, the “Image of the City”, new literature was added to Iranian architecture and urban planning. In this book, Image, the picture (or perception) of the city was translated to “Sima” regardless of its linguistic roots. With the introduction of the landscape architecture discipline, a new theoretical framework was added to the architecture and urban planning literature. Later, “Chesm Andaz” was also used by some experts as an equivalent for the term “landscape”. The use of these three words interchangeably has caused confusion in the translation of the concept of landscape or narrowed down its real meanings. This comparative study drew upon the European Commission’s definition of landscape to examine the extent to which vocabulary can convey the meaning of landscape in Persian. This study employed library research and lexicographical analysis. The two basic components of the landscape are dependence on the external place and the importance of the human mind and perception in his interactions with the environment. Nazar, in the language of Iranian thinkers, is a dynamic tool used for raising new awareness based on the perception of sensations, and “Manzar” is the name of the place in which this phenomenon occurs. Compared to “Sima, ” and “Chesm Andaz”, “Manzar” conveys a more complete sensory perception, and especially compared to “Chesm Andaz”, perception is distant and does not necessarily have a positive attribute. “Manzar” and “Sima” are not synonymous and interchangeable in terms of meaning. “Sima”, in the late meaning, is focused on form and does not express the subjectivity behind the form, therefore it can be considered a landscape form. The observer’s continuous conflict with the form of “Manazar” and is accompanied by its memories implies him from the image to the landscape. Compared to the stability of “Sima” and “Chem Andaz”, the level of the “Manzar” is more compatible with the dynamics of the landscape.

The complete ineffectiveness of weapons against enemy attacks led to the creation of a passive defense approach. On the other hand, the close relationship between the environment and users caused the rapid deterioration of the passive defense approach to environmental issues even though many studies in this field have dealt with the principles of architectural design, buildings with a high importance factor. To the extent that there is a lack of attention to landscape design in the national building regulations, the area design has been neglected in a brief section. In this case, landscape architecture can be practical support in passive defense, reduce injuries, and support users when accidents occur. This article assumes that landscape architecture can be the savior of architecture and urban planning with a passive defense approach. In other words, using the principles of passive defense in landscape design is one of the measures that can be used at different levels, from planning to design, to reduce the severity and extent of risks caused by natural and unnatural risks. Nevertheless, most of the studies in this field are dedicated to architecture and urban planning, and practical solutions in applying the passive defense approach have been neglected. Based on this, the current research is of applied type, with a qualitative approach, and based on the case study and logical reasoning research method to answer the question: "How landscape as architecture can save the built environment? " has been written. The results demonstrated that the principles of defensive landscape design could be explained in two macro dimensions (spatial scale, uses, diversity of spatial qualities, placement, and positioning) and micro dimensions (artificial elements-furniture, material, natural landscape elements).

Geography, history, and the material culture provide the three bases for definition and determination of a cultural landscape. The region of Maymand in northwestern of Kerman province as the interacting-ground of the three aforementioned factors is considered as a cultural landscape. The geographic diversity, historical events and 2500-years-old cultural vestiges have prepared the necessities for the formation of a dynamic cultural landscape. The archaeological survey findings show the process of change and evolution in lifestyles of the people who have been living in the Maymand region from ancient times to modern era. This process has been affected by geographic conditions on the one hand and has influenced the region’s history on the other hand. In addition to the complicated and multilinear historical processes having determined the characteristics of the Maymand’s landscape, the village of Maymand has played the focal role in the changing and evolution of the region. Identifying the factors which were acting in the evolution of the cultural landscape of Maymand, would help us to find the true way to indicate and solve the current problems.

Space syntax theory proposes a quantitative and tangible method to recognize and analyze the space configuration and structure. Although it is not a new technique, it is still applied and evolved. In this regard, the current study sought to solve some of the structural and conceptual limitations and deficiencies of the space syntax by providing a novel method through recognizing the landscape aspects. Then, the novel term definition, “Landscape Syntax”, can be obtained using the achievements of this method. This research seeks to answer the question that How different will the indicators and assessment method be if we use landscape syntax instead of space syntax? This study aims to reconcile the definition of landscape with space and syntactic patterns of space, seeks to enable a specific syntactic pattern of landscape to understand the syntax of the landscape. The current basic research is qualitative in nature and applied in terms of purpose. The research process is a mixture of content analysis (descriptive, analytical, and deductive explanation). The space syntax concepts are classified using the content analysis method and are corresponded to the landscape concepts. According to the results of this study, the landscape has neglected aspects in space syntax concepts. (Some of the landscape aspects has been neglected in space syntax. )The main part of the new concepts of the landscape approach that are not in the syntactic system is the semantic factors, especially interpretive-subjective factors. These factors have value indices that must be inserted into the syntactic simple graph calculations. To this end, a network of the new landscape approach indices is put on the syntactic network to determine the valuable points. The newly developed method is the landscape syntax network. The graph obtained from the landscape syntax is a weighted graph, which is weighted through the value of the landscape approach indices. Landscape syntax is developed by adding the new aspects of the landscape approach, which is an upgraded and developed version of the previous versions.

The desert areas of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These areas can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the areas with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat areas with morphometric and geological diversity.

This research exanimated Imam Khomeini’s defensive thought. We trying to answer this question that is the effective factors of formation the principles of these thoughts? The results show that for realizing Imam Khomeini’s defensive thoughts, we must using tetragonal pattern consisting theoretical principles, opinionative principles, personality characteristics of Imam Khomeini and era condition. Components, constituents and principles of Imam Khomeini’s defensive thoughts were shape based on this pattern. In his defensive thought there is most consider to comprehensive defense for defending doctrine of Islam, Islamic republic system, Muslims and world indigents in all of material and none material aspects, with defeating global imperiousness and ungodly, we could establish global peace and would achieve our final purpose that is establishment global equity government.

Let G = (V; E) be a graph. We say that S  V is a defensive alliance if for every u 2 S, the number of neighbors u has in S plus one (counting u) is at least as large as the number of neighbors it has outside S. Then, for every vertex u in a defensive alliance S, any attack on a single vertex by the neighbors of u in V 􀀀 S can be thwarted by the neighbors of u in S and u itself. In this paper, we study alliances that are containing a given vertex u and study their mathematical properties.

Background and Aim: The treatment and its quality is considered one of the most serious matters in people's lives Due to the increase in diseases and the range of their complications in Modern societies and any deviation in this regard could have harmful effects. Accordingly, the commitment of doctors to treatment has increased and this issue sometimes has led them to take actions that may not be necessary option and not beneficial to the patient in order to get rid of possible future liability. Based on this, the explanation of defensive medicine, the conditions of fulfillment, the basis and examples of the doctor's responsibility in the defensive measures taken by him is the aim of the authors of this article. Method: The method used in the mentioned article is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, reliable library sources are used to collect materials. Ethical Considerations: In all parts of this research, ethical principles and scientific trustworthiness have been observed. Results: Currently, most doctors have turned to defensive medicine due to the increase in Administrative and judicial complaints against doctors and this problem lead to the loss of doctor-patient trust, imposed costs on patients and the health system and most importantly had a negative effect on the health of patient. According to the rules governing civil liability in positive and negative defensive medicine, doctors are at fault and accordingly, they are obliged to compensate the damages caused to the patients. It is an issue that needs to be given special attention in court. Conclusion: Considering the concept of the right to the dramatic growth of people's awareness in today's societies remarkable raising of people's awareness in today's societies, it seems that it is necessary to change from traditional examples of fault. In this context, the positive defensive behavior of doctors imposes huge costs on the health system and patients and causes significant losses to them; it should be compensated by observing the rules governing on civil liability. Also, in cases which doctors cause harm to patients with negative defensive behaviors, they are obliged to compensate the harm caused to patients; If it is established according to the principles of civil liability and under other special conditions, such as the absence of another doctor in that field or the need to perform high-risk medical procedures and the doctor's refusal to act. Please cite this article as: Mahmoudi A, Yousefi Sadeghloo A, Abbasi M. Civil Liability Arising from Defensive Medicin. Medical Law Journal. 2024; 18: e55.